Homegoing by Yaa Gyasi

Maame, a housegirl in Cobbe Otcher’s home, sets the woods outside of the compound on fire and escapes from slavery leaving behind her illegitimate daughter Effia.  And so begins a troubled lineage of the Fante tribe. Otcher knew then “that the memory of the fire that burned, then fled would haunt him, his children, and his children’s children for as long as the line continued” (3) The novel spans 250 years narrating the story of Effia and Esi,  two half-sisters and their descendants.

It is the story of West Africa which engaged in trade with the Europeans–human lives for guns.  The Asantes and the Fantes were complicit in the slave trade that destroyed the lives of countless people for so many centuries. Even today, descendants of those slaves have no roots, no home, no connection to their culture, language, family and values. It is the story of illegitimacy–ripping people away from their homes and families by those with illegitimate power, exercising illegitimate authority. The illegitimacy is in the abuse by Europeans, their disregard for human dignity, their indecency towards women and their greed for gold.  They robbed entire nations of their identity.  They continued the abuse long after slavery was abolished.  Quey predicted that “they would just trade one type of shackles for another, trade physical ones that wrapped around wrists and ankles for the invisible ones that wrapped around the mind.” 

James knew that the British had no intention of leaving Africa ever.  They wanted control over the people and the land.  They wanted power.  He himself wanted no part of his family business for he felt the weight of the guilt of his ancestors.  His daughter Abena who always thought him weak and ineffectual, deserving of his nickname “Unlucky”  finally understood what drove her father away from his family.  He told her, “My father was a slaver, a wealthy man. When I decided to leave Fanteland, it was because I did not want to take part in the work my family had done.  I wanted to work for myself.  I see how these townspeople call me Unlucky, but every season I feel lucky to have this land, to do this honorable work.”(153) The war between the Asante tribe and the British continued, but Effia’s lineage had had enough.  They were too ashamed of their role in the slave trade and in letting the Europeans disrespect their people and their values.  The British were the interlopers, they forced their culture on the Africans calling them barbaric and forced Christianity on them calling their religion black magic.  They even changed the names of the women (wenches) they married because they couldn’t pronounce them properly.  “The need to call this thing “good” and this thing “bad”, this thing “white”, and this thing “black”, was an impulse that Effia did not understand.  In her village, everything was everything.  Everything bore the weight of everything else.” (23)  Effia had to forget the folklores and accept her white husband’s ways. The white man was Abro Ni, the Wicked One, the illegitimate ruler.

Maame’s second daughter Esi became a slave and was housed in the same castle as Effia except Esi was in the dungeons.  She was starved, beaten and raped repeatedly.  Only her daughter knew her sorrow. Nothing cut the roots of an entire race like slavery in America.  They were stripped of their identity, family, language and religion.  They did not know who their ancestors were. The loss of the black stone necklace symbolized the loss of heritage. They were made aware of their illegitimacy  every second of their existence.  When Ness sang songs from memory, they were in Twi and she did not even know what they meant till another slave recognized the language. H’s girlfriend complains to him when he disrespects her, “The day you called me that woman’s name I thought, Ain’t I been through enough? Ain’t just about everything I ever had been taken away from me? My freedom. My family. My body. And now I can’t even own my name?...My mama gave me that name herself…All I had of her then was my name.  That was all I had of myself too.  And you wouldn't even give me that.”  With illegitimacy came impotence.  When Sonny was on the housing team with the NAACP taking surveys of living conditions at Harlem, a young boy asked him for help but immediately resigned himself to the inevitable commenting, “You can’t, can you?...You can’t do a single thing, can you?” This is the legacy of slavery in the United States.  Ness was impotent in saving Sam or keeping Kojo, Kojo/Anna was impotent against the Fugitive Slave Act, H against the Convict Leasing System.  Willie was part of the Great Migration which took her to Harlem but nothing had changed over the hundreds of years.  Black people were still illegitimate, impotent and whites held all the power.

How does history treat these slaves? “We believe the one who has the power. He is the one who gets to write the story. So when you study history, you must always ask yourself, Whose story am I missing? Whose voice was suppressed so that this voice could come forth? Once you have figured that out, you must find that story too. From there, you begin to get a clearer, yet still imperfect, picture.”(226) Black people in America continue to feel the effects of slavery.  Like Sonny, they are angry because they would never be able to choose their life unlike the whites who could always choose theirs.

The fire that raged outside Otcher’s compound eventually spread over the entire African continent. It could not be doused by the tainted water in the ocean that the slave ships sailed on until Marjorie (Effia’s descendant) met Marcus (Esi’s descendant)  and the two branches of Maame’s family could come to terms with how their past shaped their present.

Gyaasi, Yaa. Homegoing. New York. Viking Books. 2016.